If added to natural produced water and produced water from other stimulation processes (water flooding and/or steam flooding), hydraulic fracturing leads to water-to-oil production ratios that can exceed 10:1. The result is huge amounts of produced water (tens of billions of gallons per year), some of which are used for additional stimulation activities, but much of it needs to be disposed of. Over the past 12 years, the oilfield remediation industry has exponentially developed salt water wells have very specific construction requirements to ensure that there is no contamination of the USDW area or the environment in general. In Texas, for example, salt water removal wells are built with three layers of housing to ensure that groundwater is not affected. .
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